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HISTORY Chapter-1 : The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 

 Topic- The French Revolution And The Idea of The Nation

With the radical constitutional changes that followed after the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to a body of elected French citizens (National Assembly) in the wake of the French Revolution, the French revolutionaries introduced measures to unify French citizens.

Example:- What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Answer:-
The French Revolutionaries introduced various measures to invoke in the French people, a sense of collective shared identity for their nation.

They are:

• Notions of le citoyen (the citizen) and La patrie (the fatherLand) were introduced.
• A new French flag, the tricolor, replaced the former royal standard.
• New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs were remembered.
• A new centralised administrative system formulated uniform laws for all citizens and abolished internal duties.
• They introduced a uniform set of weights, measures and currency to allow ease of trade.
• Regional dialects were discouraged and French was made the common language of the nation.With the aim of liberating surrounding European nations from despotism and making them nation-states, French armies moved from country to country – Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy carrying the idea of nationalism. Jacobin clubs were set by educated middle classes to prepare the way for these armies.Napoleon extended the implementation of the administrative reforms he had introduced in France to territories he had conquered, to make the system more efficient and smooth.For example, he introduced The Civil Code of 1804 or the Napoleonic Code, comprising the following features:
  • Simplification of administrative divisions to encourage uniformity.
  • Abolition of all privileges based on birth.
  • The establishment of equality before law and right to property was secured.
  • Abolition of the feudal system. He freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
  • Removal of restrictions on guilds in towns.
  • Improvement of the transport and communication systems.
  • Establishment of universal laws, standardization of weights and measures and a common national currency to facilitate the movement and exchange of goods from one region to another.French Armies were received with mixed reactions in these territories. Initially welcomed as harbingers of peace and liberty, the French armies were later subjected to hostility. The local people had understood that the introduced administrative reforms were not accompanied by political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship and forced admission to French armies were forced upon the citizens along with the administrative reforms. This left a bad taste among locals.
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    Important

  • French Revolution has been given the credit of being the first cry of nationalism in Europe. Ancient regimes were abolished in favour of establishment of constitutional monarchy in France. The main power was supposed to be in hands of elected government which was instructed to rule according to the Constitution which embodied spirit of representative and liberal society. Monarchy was only a seal of approval. w Before 1789, France was an absolute monarchical kingdom, divided into multiple autonomous kingdoms. After 1789, it was converted into a constitutional monarchical republic where the government was elected. Napoleon was appointed as the first Consul in 1799.

    Frequently Asked:

  • Napoleon lost the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. In a painting, he was portrayed as a courier postman of Rhineland who is shown as losing all the letters from his bag as he moves back to France. The letters represent lost territories.

    CBSE Class 10th History Notes PDF Download Chapter-1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

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